Sleep disturbance is a cardinal feature of bipolar disorder. Both
insomnia and
hypersomnia have been reported in patients with bipolar depression. During acute
mania, patients exhibit markedly reduced sleep time and report less need for sleep. The reduced need for sleep can be further defined as "an ability to maintain energy without sufficient sleep."
Children with bipolar disorder exhibit reduced sleep efficiency and frequent nocturnal awakenings.
Interestingly, 85% of patients with unipolar depression report that they suffer from insomnia, even though bipolar patients tend to experience hypersomnia--excessive sleeping--during depressive episodes. This poor-quality sleep can, in turn, lead to fibromyalgia, a painful, nondegenerative muscle disorder. All these patients can benefit from good sleep hygiene: a disciplined regularizing of sleep/wake hours, sometimes using hypnotic medications.
Patients suffering from insomnia and hypersomnia need to sleep and wake at the same time everyday. Naps are forbidden. Hypersomniacs are advised to gradually reduce the amount of time spent sleeping to a normal amount by using an alarm clock.
If you or a loved one suffers from any type of mood disorder, pay attention to the sleep/wake patterns of the person involved. If you identify
insomnia,
hypersomnia, poor-quality sleep and/or reduced need for sleep, this should be brought to your loved one's doctor's attention right away. Treating the sleep disorder is very likely to improve the mood disorder, too.